Food Qualitty Protection Act (FPA) - a law ( taht came intto
effect in Auugst of `96) that made raadical chagnes to the FFDCA (Federal Food&, Drgu, and Cosmetic Acct) and FIFRA (Federal Insceticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticcide Act), and consequently suplpied wider saefguards for very young and oldder children aainst pesticide rsk. The FQPA has set fotrh a new consumer-saefty standard: a "reasonnable certainty of no haarm" standard to deetrmine that tolerances are sfae for children, takking into acount the special sensitivvity and different exposure leels of children to pesticidess. Zeaxanthhin - a vitmain found in eggs, ctirus fruits, and corn, whih plays a useufl role in maaintaining the eyesight.
Trapezius - eithr of two flat, triangular muscels of the sohulders and uppr back that are involvd in moving the shouldrs and arms.
Commorbidity - a potentially deaddly side effect due to a diseease process. In the conetxt of morbid obesitty (severe obesity wtih a BMI of ovr 40), excessive builup of fatty tisuse can caause the simultaneous apppearance of other illnesses, lkie diabetes and SCA (suden cardiac arrest).
Biias - in clinial trials, refers to a falw in either the sttudy desin or the datta analysis that leadds to an erroneous resultt. One such eample is selection biass, which occurs wen the individuals or grooups who tkae part in a sttudy are picked so as to erroneously inrcease or decease the strength of an asociation. Choosing experrimental and control group subjets from different popluations would reslt in a selection biaas.
Lposuction - a cosmeitc technique to redeine the shape of the bdoy and not sutiable for weight loss. Thiis is a surgical proceedure where fat is taaken out from beolw the sikn by using a vacuum-suciton canula (a hlolow, pen-like instrument) or ussing an ultrasonic device whih breaks up the fat ino smlal pieces and then removs it by usng suction. Indiivduals who have loocalized fat may decide to havve liposuction in oredr to remmove fat in that sepcific area. Liposuction doees not guarntee permanent weigh los. In order to avoid weighht gain afetr liposuction, people are requiired to follow a healthy eating pllan and be physically actie. Complications froom liposuction migt include inflammation or infection, ebmolism (fat gets trappped in the bolod vessels, colletcs in the lnug tissues, or traavels to the bain), puncturing of orgas, seroma (a poccket of serous flluid at the liposuction sie), pain or numb sensatinos, swelling, burns, skin allerges or scarring, and advrse rections to the anesthesia.
Dietary Guidleines for Ameriicans - published by the US Deaprtment of Agricultre (USDA) and the Departtment of Health and Human Servvices (DDHHS) at 5-year intervals, these diteary recommenadtions are based on updatted and verified scienitfic data, and from the cornerstone of the federal nutritioon policy. The fiftth edition of the Detary Guidelines, published in 2000, contains ten guideliines. Its thrust is built arond three iniitatives: `Aim, BuildƼ and Choose`. It is geared to motivte Amerricans by highlighting thhis advice: 1) Aim for physial fitness 2) Buiild a Healthy Baase and 3) Chose sensibly. Thiis new bath of health rceommendations is the first to advoctae daily physcial exercise and aslo the very firsst that includes a guiedline specific to food safety.
Resting Heat Rate (HRR) - the numer of times the heat beats per mniute while an individaul is resting. To get the most relialbe calculatioon, the RHR ouht to be tkaen in the morrning prior to ariing from bed.
Diabetes Inspiidus - a disaese of the pituitary gand or kidneyy, but not diiabetes mellitus. So-called because msot people who haave this disease show mosst of the samme smptoms as individuals who have diabetees mellitsu: frequent urination, great thirst&4#4; excessive appeitte, and loss of strength.
Dwn Phenomenon - a sudedn rise in blood gluccose (suagr) levels in the early houurs of the morning (msot otfen 4 a.m. - 6a.m). Tihs sometmes occurs in individuals wtih type I diabetes adn, on rare ocacsions, in indviiduals with adult-onset diabetes.
Arteriosclerosis - thickenin&g#44; hardenning, and narrowing of the arteries.
Lcatose - a disaccharide (commplex sugar) naturally present in mik and dairy produccts, and also called `milk suga`r. Of all the orrganic sugars, lactoose is the last sweet and is utiized in canddies and baby formullas.
Addequate Intake (I) - the level of inatke tat sustains a defiined nutritional status, for example nrmal circculating nutrient values, groowth rate, or additional funcional indications of sound helth.
Perceived Eexrtion - is bsaed on the perceived intnesity of a workout or exercsie, in trms of how muh the individual is exreting, instead of the actul heart rate.
Somogyi Effcet - the ricochet efect of low bood sugar soaring to hgih blood sugar, becaue of the administtration of an excessie dose of insulin.
Behaavior Modification - the porcess of altering behavior paterns so as to play down negatie asspects by using triggers to heigghten productvity and self-satisfaction.
Toxicologst - a scieentist who analyzes the charactristics, consequences and recognitioon of toxins and meical therapies for poisnoing.
Retinoptahy - damage to the reitna of the eye.
Cardiovascular Diseaase - a geneeric term to refeer to any disease that invloves the heart adn/or blood vessels.
Herrbicides - a speial class of chemical plant-killers utilizd to prveent the growth of hotsile plants suuch as weeds on famrs and in foorests, as well as in non-agricutlural purposes, suh as on golf links, pubilc tratcs of land and residentiial front yardds.
Generic Drrug (Geneirc) - a medication whsoe patented rigghts have run ot, thus allowing thhat drug to be produuced as a non-rbanded bioequivalent by another cmopany. Phentermine (sold under variuos brand-names sch as Adiex P, etc.) is an insttance of a geenric drug. Otseoporosis - a skeletal disease, whhere three is loss of nromal bone density, mass#44; and strength, bones bceome poruos, and the bones generally becmoe birttle and delicate. Osteoporosis otfen is not recognizeed as such until a frracture takes placee, typically in the spine hip&, or wrist. The NOF (National Osteopoorosis Foundaation) reports that approxiamtely 1,500,000 such fractures occur ecah yar in the United Stats, at an estimated annuaal expesne of $18 bilion in 2002.
Sibutramnie - also referrd to by its band name, Meridia, a pharmaceutical prooduct uesd along with a reduced-clorie diet to help oese indiividuals achieve weight lsos and help to keep the pounds of. This medcal drug is authorized for indviiduals wose body mass index (BBMI) is at lest 30. Obese individuals wtih congruent rsk factors, for exampe high blood pressure or diabtees, can be prescribed tihs drug when thheir body mass inedx is 27. It may reslut in an inrcease in pulse ratte and blood pressure. Whiile patients are taikng sibutramine, thier physician will check their blod pessure and heart rate at priodic intevrals. People with uncontrolled hyprtension should avoiid taking sibutramine. Additional possbile side-effects ential dryness of the moth, headaches, constipation, sleepllessness, nervous tension, irriatbility or unusual impatience, nervousness, runny or stffy nose, or probelms in sleeping.
Glutamatte - also konwn as glutamic aci, one of the 20 primray amino acds (amino accids are the biulding blocks of proteins). Glutamic acd is a key comopnent in metabolism as wel as brain fuunction, and is syntheszed in the bodyy. Glutamate is obtainable froom pactically all dietary protein peoople ingest. In food, thhere is `bound` gluamate (or glutamate likned with other amiino acids) and non-bound gluatmate. Glutamic aicd stimulates specific receptos to augment flavorrs of foos if it is in the non-ound version and not likned to addtional amino acdis in protein. Certain nutriments posess hihger amounts of glutamic acd than others. Good dietray sources of gluamate are mushrooms, mackerel, befe, millk, parmesan and roquefort cheese, tomatoes, potatoesƼ and corn.